Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.; Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases.

1. the amount of cytochrome c in lymphomyeloid cells does not affect their development and normal functioning PMID: 25716737
2. Data suggest that peroxidase activation of cytochrome c may induce apoptosis and contribute to anti-cancer properties of alpha-tocopherol succinate. PMID: 25278024
3. Data indicate that mitochondrial alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) regulate cytochrome c (cyt c) release by engaging intramitochondrial protein kinases. PMID: 24412630
4. proposed that mutation of residue 41, and interaction with cardiolipin, increase peroxidase activity by altering the 40-57 Omega loop and its hydrogen bond network with the propionate of haem ring A; these changes enhance access of hydrogen peroxide and substrate to the haem PMID: 24329121
5. Data indicate that Y48H missense mutation of cytochrome c (CYCS) gene is associated with respiratory reduction and increased apoptosis in fibroblast. PMID: 24326104
6. Translocation of a Bak C-terminus mutant from cytosol to mitochondria to mediate cytochrome C release: implications for Bak and Bax apoptotic function. PMID: 22442658
7. mitochondrial import and direct electron transfer from cytochrome c to Rac1 modulates mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production in alveolar macrophages pulmonary fibrosis. PMID: 22157762
8. The course of etoposide-induced apoptosis from damage to DNA and p53 activation to mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. PMID: 11864976
9. results suggest that activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels protects neurons against apoptosis by preventing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria PMID: 11919514
10. Both neurons and cancer cells strictly inhibit cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis by a mechanism dependent on glucose metabolism. PMID: 19029908

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Mitochondrion intermembrane space. Note=Loosely associated with the inner membrane.

Cytochrome c family

Found in embryos and in adult liver and heart.

KEGG: mmu:13063

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000124523

UniGene: Mm.35389